This course introduces you to the administration of a
Linux system that you'll be using as a network server. Topics
include user accounts, connecting to the network (including
networking fundamentals), starting and stopping services,
running regular jobs, installing software and taking backups.
This course is an ideal grounding for you if you're going
to be looking after a Linux server
| Phase 1 |
| |
| |
1 |
Introduction |
| |
|
1.1 |
Unix
and Linux |
| |
|
1.2 |
Unix System Architecture |
| |
|
1.3 |
Unix Philosophy. |
| |
|
1.4 |
What is Linux? . |
| |
|
1.5 |
Using a Linux System . |
| |
|
1.6 |
Linux Command Line . |
| |
|
1.7 |
Logging Out . |
| |
|
1.8 |
Command Syntax . |
| |
|
1.9 |
Files. |
| |
|
1.10 |
Creating Files with cat . |
| |
|
1.11 |
Displaying Files’ Contents
with cat . |
| |
|
1.12 |
Deleting Files with rm . |
| |
|
1.13 |
Unix Command Feedback . |
| |
|
1.14 |
Copying and Renaming Files with cp and mv . |
| |
|
1.15 |
Filename Completion . |
| |
|
1.16 |
Command History . |
| |
|
1.17 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
2) |
|
| |
|
2.1 |
Files and Directories
. |
| |
|
2.2 |
Examples of Absolute
Paths |
| |
|
2.3 |
|
| |
|
2.4 |
Making and Deleting
Directories . |
| |
|
2.5 |
|
| |
|
2.6 |
Special Dot Directories . |
| |
|
2.7 |
Using Dot Directories in Paths . |
| |
|
2.8 |
Hidden Files . |
| |
|
2.9 |
Paths to Home Directories . |
| |
|
2.10 |
Looking for Files in the System
. |
| |
|
2.11 |
Running Programs . |
| |
|
2.12 |
Specifying Multiple Files . |
| |
|
2.13 |
Finding Documentation for Programs |
| |
|
2.14 |
Specifying Files with Wildcards |
| |
|
2.15 |
Chaining Programs Together. |
| |
|
2.16 |
Graphical and Text Interfaces. |
| |
|
2.17 |
Text Editors. |
| |
|
2.18 |
Exercises |
| |
|
|
|
| |
3) |
Work Effectively
on the Unix Command Line |
| |
|
3.1 |
Shells . |
| |
|
3.2 |
The Bash Shell |
| |
|
3.3 |
Shell Commands |
| |
|
3.4 |
Command-Line Arguments |
| |
|
3.5 |
Syntax of Command-Line Options . |
| |
|
3.6 |
Examples of Command-Line Options |
| |
|
3.7 |
Setting Shell Variables . |
| |
|
3.8 |
Environment Variables . |
| |
|
3.9 |
Where Programs are Found |
| |
|
3.10 |
Bash Configuration Variables |
| |
|
3.11 |
Using History . |
| |
|
3.12 |
Reusing History Items . |
| |
|
3.13 |
Retrieving Arguments from the History |
| |
|
3.14 |
Summary of Bash Editing Keys . |
| |
|
3.15 |
Combining Commands on One Line |
| |
|
3.16 |
Repeating Commands with for. |
| |
|
3.17 |
Command Substitution . |
| |
|
3.18 |
Finding Files with locate . |
| |
|
3.19 |
Finding Files More Flexibly: find
. |
| |
|
3.20 |
Find Criteria . |
| |
|
3.21 |
Find Actions: Executing Programs
. |
| |
|
3.22 |
Exercises. |
| |
|
|
|
| Phase 2 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
4) |
Process Text Streams
Using Text Processing Filters |
| |
|
4.1 |
Working with Text Files . |
| |
|
4.2 |
Lines of Text . |
| |
|
4.3 |
Filtering Text and Piping . |
| |
|
4.4 |
Displaying Files with less . |
| |
|
4.5 |
Counting Words and Lines with wc. |
| |
|
4.6 |
Sorting Lines of Text with sort . |
| |
|
4.7 |
Removing Duplicate Lines with uniq . |
| |
|
4.8 |
Selecting Parts of Lines with cut . |
| |
|
4.9 |
Expanding Tabs to Spaces with expand . |
| |
|
4.10 |
Using fmt to Format Text Files. |
| |
|
4.11 |
Reading the Start of a File with head . |
| |
|
4.12 |
Reading the End of a File with tail . |
| |
|
4.13 |
Numbering Lines of a File with nl or cat . |
| |
|
4.14 |
Dumping Bytes of Binary Data with od . |
| |
|
4.15 |
Paginating Text Files with pr. |
| |
|
4.16 |
Dividing Files into Chunks with split . |
| |
|
4.17 |
Using split to Span Disks . |
| |
|
4.18 |
Reversing Files with tac |
| |
|
4.19 |
Translating Sets of Characters with tr . |
| |
|
4.20 |
tr Examples . |
| |
|
4.21 |
Modifying Files with sed |
| |
|
4.22 |
Substituting with sed . |
| |
|
4.23 |
Put Files Side-by-Side with paste |
| |
|
4.24 |
Performing Database Joins with join
. |
| |
|
4.25 |
Exercises |
| |
|
|
|
| |
5) |
Perform Basic
File Management |
| |
|
5.1 |
Filesystem Objects . |
| |
|
5.2 |
Directory and File Names . . |
| |
|
5.3 |
File Extensions . |
| |
|
5.4 |
Going Back to Previous Directories
. |
| |
|
5.5 |
Filename Completion . |
| |
|
5.6 |
Wildcard Patterns . |
| |
|
5.7 |
Copying Files with cp . |
| |
|
5.8 |
Examples of cp. |
| |
|
5.9 |
Moving Files with mv . |
| |
|
5.10 |
Deleting Files with rm . |
| |
|
5.11 |
Deleting Files with Peculiar Names. |
| |
|
5.12 |
Making Directories with mkdir . |
| |
|
5.13 |
Removing Directories with rmdir . |
| |
|
5.14 |
Identifying Types of Files . |
| |
|
5.15 |
Changing Timestamps with touch . |
| |
|
5.16 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
6) |
Use Unix Streams,
Pipes and Redirects |
| |
|
6.1 |
Standard Files |
| |
|
6.2 |
Standard Input . |
| |
|
6.3 |
Standard Output . |
| |
|
6.4 |
Standard Error . |
| |
|
6.5 |
Pipes . |
| |
|
6.6 |
Connecting Programs to Files . |
| |
|
6.7 |
Appending to Files . |
| |
|
6.8 |
Redirecting Multiple Files . |
| |
|
6.9 |
Redirection with File Descriptors
. |
| |
|
6.10 |
Running Programs with xargs . |
| |
|
6.11 |
tee . |
| |
|
6.12 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| Phase 3 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
7) |
Search Text
Files Using Regular Expressions |
| |
|
7.1 |
Searching Files with grep . |
| |
|
7.2 |
Pattern Matching . |
| |
|
7.3 |
Matching Repeated Patterns |
| |
|
7.4 |
Matching Alternative Patterns . |
| |
|
7.5 |
Extended Regular Expression Syntax
. |
| |
|
7.6 |
sed |
| |
|
7.7 |
Further Reading . |
| |
|
7.8 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
8) |
Job Control |
| |
|
8.1 |
Job Control. |
| |
|
8.2 |
jobs . |
| |
|
8.3 |
fg . |
| |
|
8.4 |
bg . |
| |
|
8.5 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
9) |
Create, Monitor,
and Kill Processes |
| |
|
9.1 |
What is a Process? . |
| |
|
9.2 |
Process Properties . |
| |
|
9.3 |
Parent and Child Processes . |
| |
|
9.4 |
Process Monitoring: ps . |
| |
|
9.5 |
ps Options. |
| |
|
9.6 |
Process Monitoring: pstree . |
| |
|
9.7 |
pstree Options . |
| |
|
9.8 |
Process Monitoring: top . |
| |
|
9.9 |
top Command-Line Options . |
| |
|
9.10 |
top Interactive Commands . . |
| |
|
9.11 |
Signalling Processes |
| |
|
9.12 |
Common Signals for Interactive Use
. |
| |
|
9.13 |
Sending Signals: kill . |
| |
|
9.14 |
Sending Signals to Dæmons:
pidof. |
| |
|
9.15 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| Phase 4 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
10) |
Modify Process
Execution Priorities |
| |
|
10.1 |
Concepts . |
| |
|
10.2 |
nice . |
| |
|
10.3 |
renice . |
| |
|
10.4 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
11) |
Advanced Shell
Usage |
| |
|
11.1 |
More About Quoting . |
| |
|
11.2 |
Quoting: Single Quotes. |
| |
|
11.3 |
Quoting: Backslashes |
| |
|
11.4 |
Quoting: Double Quotes . |
| |
|
11.5 |
Quoting: Combining Quoting Mechanisms
. |
| |
|
11.6 |
Recap: Specifying Files with Wildcards. |
| |
|
11.7 |
Globbing Files Within Directories
. |
| |
|
11.8 |
Globbing to Match a Single Character
. |
| |
|
11.9 |
Globbing to Match Certain Characters
. |
| |
|
11.10 |
Generating Filenames: {} . |
| |
|
11.11 |
Shell Programming . |
| |
|
11.12 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
12) |
Filesystem Concepts |
| |
|
12.1 |
Filesystems . |
| |
|
12.2 |
The Unified Filesystem . . |
| |
|
12.3 |
File Types . |
| |
|
12.4 |
Inodes and Directories . |
| |
|
|
|
| Phase 5 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
13) |
Create and Change
Hard and Symbolic Links |
| |
|
13.1 |
Symbolic Links . |
| |
|
13.2 |
Examining and Creating Symbolic
Links . |
| |
|
13.3 |
Hard Links . |
| |
|
13.4 |
Symlinks and Hard Links Illustrated
. |
| |
|
13.5 |
Comparing Symlinks and Hard Links
. |
| |
|
13.6 |
Examining and Creating Hard Links. |
| |
|
13.7 |
Preserving Links . |
| |
|
13.8 |
Finding Symbolic Links to a File
. |
| |
|
13.9 |
Finding Hard Links to a File . |
| |
|
13.10 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
14) |
Manage File
Ownership |
| |
|
14.1 |
Users and Groups |
| |
|
14.2 |
The Superuser: root. |
| |
|
14.3 |
Changing File Ownership with chown . |
| |
|
14.4 |
Changing File Group Ownership with chgrp . |
| |
|
14.5 |
Changing the Ownership of a Directory
and Its Contents. |
| |
|
14.6 |
Changing Ownership and Group Ownership
Simultaneously . |
| |
|
14.7 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
15) |
Use File Permissions
to Control Access to Files |
| |
|
15.1 |
Basic Concepts: Permissions on Files
. |
| |
|
15.2 |
Basic Concepts: Permissions on Directories
. |
| |
|
15.3 |
Basic Concepts: Permissions for Different
Groups of People |
| |
|
15.4 |
Examining Permissions: ls -l . |
| |
|
15.5 |
Preserving Permissions When Copying
Files . |
| |
|
15.6 |
How Permissions are Applied . |
| |
|
15.7 |
Changing File and Directory Permissions:
chmod. |
| |
|
15.8 |
Specifying Permissions for chmod
. |
| |
|
15.9 |
Changing the Permissions of a Directory
and Its Contents . |
| |
|
15.10 |
Special Directory Permissions: ‘Sticky’ . |
| |
|
15.11 |
Special Directory Permissions: Setgid
. 73 |
| |
|
15.12 |
Special File Permissions: Setgid
. |
| |
|
15.13 |
Special File Permissions: Setuid
. |
| |
|
15.14 |
Displaying Unusual Permissions |
| |
|
15.15 |
Permissions as Numbers . |
| |
|
15.16 |
Default Permissions: umask . |
| |
|
15.17 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| Phase 6 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
16) |
Create Partitions
and Filesystems |
| |
|
16.1 |
Concepts: Disks and Partitions |
| |
|
16.2 |
Disk Naming . |
| |
|
16.3 |
Using fdisk. |
| |
|
16.4 |
Making New Partitions . |
| |
|
16.5 |
Changing Partition Types . . |
| |
|
16.6 |
Making Filesystems with mkfs . |
| |
|
16.7 |
Useful Websites . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
17) |
Control Filesystem
Mounting and Unmounting |
| |
|
17.1 |
Mounting Filesystems . |
| |
|
17.2 |
Mounting a Filesystem: mount . |
| |
|
17.3 |
Mounting Other Filesystems . |
| |
|
17.4 |
Unmounting a Filesystem: umount
. |
| |
|
17.5 |
Configuring mount: /etc/fstab. |
| |
|
17.6 |
Sample /etc/fstab . |
| |
|
17.7 |
Filesystem Types . |
| |
|
17.8 |
Mount Options . |
| |
|
17.9 |
Other Columns in /etc/fstab . |
| |
|
17.10 |
Mounting a File System . |
| |
|
17.11 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
18) |
Maintain the
Integrity of Filesystems |
| |
|
18.1 |
Filesystem Concepts . |
| |
|
18.2 |
Potential Problems . |
| |
|
18.3 |
Monitoring Space: df . |
| |
|
18.4 |
Monitoring Inodes: df. |
| |
|
18.5 |
Monitoring Disk Usage: du . |
| |
|
18.6 |
du Options . |
| |
|
18.7 |
Finding and Repairing Filesystem
Corruption: fsck . |
| |
|
18.8 |
Running fsck . |
| |
|
18.9 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| Phase 7 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
19) |
Find System Files
and Place Files in the Correct Location |
| |
|
19.1 |
Unix Filesystem Layout . |
| |
|
19.2 |
The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard |
| |
|
19.3 |
Shareable and Non-Shareable Data
. |
| |
|
19.4 |
Static and Dynamic Data . |
| |
|
19.5 |
Overview of the FHS. |
| |
|
19.6 |
FHS: Installed Software . |
| |
|
19.7 |
FHS: Other Directories Under /usr . |
| |
|
19.8 |
FHS: Directories Under /var . |
| |
|
19.9 |
FHS: Other Directories . |
| |
|
19.10 |
FHS: Other Directories . |
| |
|
19.11 |
Finding Programs with which . |
| |
|
19.12 |
The Type Built-in Command . |
| |
|
19.13 |
Checking for Shell Builtins with type . |
| |
|
19.14 |
Updating the locate Database . |
| |
|
19.15 |
updatedb.conf . |
| |
|
19.16 |
whatis . |
| |
|
19.17 |
Finding Manpages with apropos |
| |
|
19.18 |
Web Resources . |
| |
|
19.19 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
20) |
Set and View
Disk Quotas |
| |
|
20.1 |
What are Quotas? . |
| |
|
20.2 |
Hard and Soft Limits . |
| |
|
20.3 |
Per-User and Per-Group Quotas . |
| |
|
20.4 |
Block and Inode Limits. |
| |
|
20.5 |
Displaying Quota Limits: quota . |
| |
|
20.6 |
Options in /etc/fstab . |
| |
|
20.7 |
Enabling Quota: quotaon . |
| |
|
20.8 |
Changing Quota Limits: setquota
. |
| |
|
20.9 |
edquota . |
| |
|
20.10 |
repquota. |
| |
|
|
|
| |
21) |
Boot the System |
| |
|
21.1 |
Boot Loaders . |
| |
|
21.2 |
LILO . |
| |
|
21.3 |
Sample lilo.conf File . |
| |
|
21.4 |
Selecting What to Boot . |
| |
|
21.5 |
Other Ways of Starting Linux . |
| |
|
21.6 |
Specifying Kernel Parameters . |
| |
|
21.7 |
Specifying Kernel Parameters in lilo.conf . |
| |
|
21.8 |
Useful Kernel Parameters . |
| |
|
21.9 |
Boot Messages . |
| |
|
21.10 |
Kernel Modules . |
| |
|
21.11 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| Phase 8 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
22) |
Change Runlevels
and Shutdown or Reboot System |
| |
|
22.1 |
Understanding Runlevels . |
| |
|
22.2 |
Typical Runlevels . |
| |
|
22.3 |
Single-User Mode and sulogin . |
| |
|
22.4 |
Shutting Down and Restarting the
System . |
| |
|
22.5 |
Setting the Default Runlevel . |
| |
|
22.6 |
Selecting a Different Runlevel at Bootup
. |
| |
|
22.7 |
Determining the Current Runlevel
. |
| |
|
22.8 |
Switching Runlevel. |
| |
|
22.9 |
Services in Each Runlevel: the init.d Directory
. |
| |
|
22.10 |
Symbolic Links in rcN.d . |
| |
|
22.11 |
Starting or Stopping Individual
Services . |
| |
|
22.12 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
23) |
Use and Manage
Local System Documentation |
| |
|
23.1 |
Manual Pages . |
| |
|
23.2 |
Navigating Within Manual Pages . |
| |
|
23.3 |
Sections of a Manual Page |
| |
|
23.4 |
Sections of the Manual . |
| |
|
23.5 |
Manual Section Numbering . |
| |
|
23.6 |
Determining Available Manpages with whatis . |
| |
|
23.7 |
Printing Manual Pages . |
| |
|
23.8 |
Searching for Manpages with apropos
. |
| |
|
23.9 |
Displaying All Manpages of a Particular
Name with man -a . |
| |
|
23.10 |
Searching the Content of All Manpages
with man -K . |
| |
|
23.11 |
Finding the Right Manual Page . |
| |
|
23.12 |
Help on Shell Builtins . |
| |
|
23.13 |
Location of Manual Pages . |
| |
|
23.14 |
Info Pages . |
| |
|
23.15 |
Navigating Within Info Pages . . |
| |
|
23.16 |
Documentation in /usr/share/doc/ . |
| |
|
23.17 |
Contents of /usr/share/doc . |
| |
|
23.18 |
Interrogating Commands for Help
. |
| |
|
23.19 |
Finding Documentation . |
| |
|
23.20 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
24) |
Find Linux Documentation
on the Internet |
| |
|
24.1 |
The Linux Documentation Project
. |
| |
|
24.2 |
HOWTOs . |
| |
|
24.3 |
Obtaining HOWTOs . |
| |
|
24.4 |
Vendor- and Application-Specific
Web Sites . |
| |
|
24.5 |
Usenet Newsgroups . |
| |
|
24.6 |
FAQs . |
| |
|
24.7 |
Local Help. |
| |
|
|
|
| Phase 9 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
25) |
Tune the User
Environment and System Environment Variables |
| |
|
25.1 |
Configuration Files . |
| |
|
25.2 |
Shell Configuration Files . |
| |
|
25.3 |
Changing Environment Variables . |
| |
|
25.4 |
Changing the Prompt . |
| |
|
25.5 |
Shell Aliases . |
| |
|
25.6 |
Setting Up Home Directories for
New Accounts . |
| |
|
25.7 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
26) |
Configure and
Use System Log Files |
| |
|
26.1 |
syslog . . |
| |
|
26.2 |
/etc/syslog.conf . |
| |
|
26.3 |
Sample /etc/syslog.conf . |
| |
|
26.4 |
Reconfiguring syslog . |
| |
|
26.5 |
Examining Logs: less and grep . |
| |
|
26.6 |
Examining Logs in Real Time: tail
. |
| |
|
26.7 |
Log Rotation . |
| |
|
26.8 |
Sample /etc/logrotate.conf . |
| |
|
26.9 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
|
| |
27) |
Automate and
Schedule System Administration Tasks |
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27.1 |
Running Commands in the Future . |
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27.2 |
at Commands . |
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27.3 |
Commands Run by the at Dæmon
. |
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27.4 |
at Command Specification . |
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27.5 |
Opening Windows from at Commands. |
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27.6 |
at Command Date & Time Specification
. |
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27.7 |
Managing at Commands . |
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27.8 |
Simple cron Job Specification . |
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27.9 |
More Complex cron Job Specification
. |
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27.10 |
crontab Format . |
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27.11 |
crontab Date & Time Specification |
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27.12 |
More Complex crontab Dates & Times
. |
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27.13 |
/etc/crontab . |
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27.14 |
User crontabs . |
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27.15 |
cron Job Output . . |
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27.16 |
at Command and cron Job Permissions
. |
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27.17 |
Exercises . |
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|
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28) |
Maintain an
Effective Data Backup Strategy |
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28.1 |
Reasons for Backup . |
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28.2 |
Backup Media . |
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28.3 |
Types of Backup . |
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28.4 |
Backup Strategy . |
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28.5 |
Archiving Files with tar . |
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28.6 |
Creating Archives with tar . |
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28.7 |
Listing the Files in tar Archives
. |
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28.8 |
Extracting Files from tar Archives
. |
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|
28.9 |
Device Files for Accessing Tapes
. |
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28.10 |
Using tar for Backups . |
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28.11 |
Controlling Tape Drives with mt . |
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28.12 |
Deciding What to Backup . |
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28.13 |
What Not to Backup . |
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28.14 |
Scripting Backup . |
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28.15 |
Other Backup Software . |
| |
|
28.16 |
Exercises . |
| |
|
|
Click Here For The Full Course Registration |
| |
|
|
| Courses |
Sessions
(Hrs) |
Fees
(Indian RS.) |
Fees
(US $) |
| Blue-j |
70 |
10000 |
250 |
|
